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Shame, Pride and Reintegration
Social living demands routine, conventions and compromise. Much of this
is orchestrated for us by our institutions with their laws, codes of
practice, values, norms and customs that serve to keep us on the
straight and narrow. Reward generally is reserved for those who best
emulate the pathways mapped out for us by authority. When we deviate or
think about deviating, we have to face the consequences –
punishment for action that is against the prescribed pathway.
Social rewards and punishments are reflected in an individual's
emotions of pride and shame.
Individuals have an
ethical identity that reflects to a substantial extent the states of
being that are valued in society. Individuals feel good about
themselves when they can say they have done the right thing or they
have performed well. Their ethical identity has withstood the challenge
of temptation or of a difficult task. In these circumstances we feel
pride in ourselves – or sometimes vicariously through the actions
of another whom we identify with. In contrast, when we fail to live up
to our ethical identity we feel shame and guilt.
Shame and pride are not necessarily adaptive emotions for individuals
or for society at large. Shame can be all encompassing and disabling.
Pride can be narcissistic and exploitative. The purpose of our research
is to look at the conditions and circumstances under which these
emotions are socially and personally adaptive, and propose
institutional spaces that allow for the healthy expression of both
shame and pride. Of particular interest is the role of reintegration,
whereby individuals are not stigmatised for their wrongdoings, but
are encouraged to make amends and are offered rituals of forgiveness.
Publications and Presentations
Ahmed, E.
Understanding bullying from a shame management perspective: Findings
from a three-year follow-up study, Educational & Child Psychology
23(2) 2006: 25-39.
Ahmed, E. & Braithwaite, V.
Forgiveness, reconciliation, and shame: Three key variables in reducing
school bullying, Journal of Social Issues 62(2) 2006:347-370.
(pdf version)
Harris, N.
Reintegrative shaming, shame and criminal justice, Journal of Social Issues 62(2) 2006: 327-346.
Harris, N. & Maruna, S.
Shaming and restorative justice: A critical appraisal. In D. Sullivan & L. Tifft (eds) Handbook of Restorative Justice: A Global Perspective. Routledge/Brunner-Routledge, London, 2006.
Ahmed, E. & Braithwaite, J.
Forgiveness, shaming, shame and bullying, The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 38(3) 2005: 298-323.
Ahmed, E. & Braithwaite, V.
"What, me ashamed?": Shame management and school bullying, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 40(10) 2004: 1-26.
Ahmed, E. & Braithwaite, V.
Bullying and victimization: Cause for concern for both families and schools, Social Psychology of Education 7 2004: 35-54.
Harris, N., Walgrave, L. & Braithwaite, J.
Emotional dynamics in restorative conferences, Theoretical Criminology 8(1) 2004: 191-210.
Braithwaite, V., Ahmed, E., Morrison, B. & Reinhart, M.
Researching the prospects for restorative justice practice in schools:
The 'Life at School Survey' 1996-9. In L. Walgrave (ed) Repositioning Restorative Justice: Restorative Justice, Criminal Justice and Social Context. Willan Publishing, UK, 2003: 169-190.
Harris, N.
Reassessing the dimensionality of the moral emotions, British Journal of Psychology 94(4) 2003: 457-473.
Harris, N. & Braithwaite, J.
Guilt. In N.J. Smelser & P.B. Baltes (eds) International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Pergamon, Oxford, 2001: 6445-6448.
Ahmed, E., Harris, N., Braithwaite, J. & Braithwaite, V.
Shame Management Through Reintegration. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001. xiv + 375 pp.
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Page last updated 2 January 2007
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